Peptide background guides and published studies, summarised from Peptide Health Digest and shared with the site owner's permission. Each entry links to its source page. For laboratory research reference only — nothing here is medical advice, a dosing protocol or a recommendation of use.
Citations are to the original publications. Animal and cell-culture (preclinical) studies are labelled as such and do not establish effects in humans.
Cardiovascular-outcomes trial of once-weekly semaglutide in adults with obesity and established cardiovascular disease, without diabetes (17,604 participants).
Placebo-controlled trial of once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity, with body-weight change at 68 weeks as an endpoint (1,961 participants).
Multinational phase 3 trial of the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist tirzepatide in adults with obesity (2,539 participants).
Head-to-head phase 3 trial comparing tirzepatide with semaglutide 1 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes (1,879 participants).
Phase 2 trial of the GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist retatrutide in adults with obesity over 48 weeks (338 participants).
Two phase 3 trials of the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (1,202 participants).
Review of GHK-Cu literature and gene-expression profiling data in human cells.
Laboratory study of telomerase activity and telomere length in cultured human fibroblast cells exposed to Epithalon. Cell-culture findings; not human clinical data.
Background reading on peptide biology, pharmacology and how to read research.
An overview of what short-chain amino acid polymers are, how they differ from proteins, and their biological roles.
A biochemical comparison of short amino acid chains and larger globular proteins in receptor docking, immunogenicity and metabolic clearance.
How seven-transmembrane receptors convert peptide binding into intracellular second-messenger cascades (cAMP, IP3 and calcium flux).
Why some peptides are cleared in minutes while others circulate for days: enzymatic cleavage, renal filtration and albumin binding.
Background on circulating peptidases and renal filtration as the main routes by which native peptides are cleared.
The chemistry of fatty diacid side chains and albumin binding used to extend peptide half-life.
A comparison of administration routes by pharmacokinetic profile, mucosal barriers and reported absorption.
The physical chemistry of peptide storage: how temperature, UV light and agitation degrade amino acid chains.
The distinctions between FDA-approved prescription medicines, clinical-trial compounds and non-approved research substances.
Why rodent and cell-culture results cannot be equated with findings from human clinical trials.
Telling preclinical rodent research apart from human randomized trials, and reading endpoints, p-values and statistical power.
Effect sizes, confidence intervals and power, and why a small p-value is not the same as a meaningful effect.
How researchers pool multiple studies, read forest plots and identify publication bias.
An educational reference on milligram/microgram unit relationships and volume conversions.
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Open the calculator on Peptide Health Digest →For laboratory research use only. Summaries are for research reference and are not medical advice.